Unix Timestamp: 1687478400
Friday, June 23. 2023, 12:00:00 AM UTC

Four international footballers – Ali Karimi, Mehdi Mahdavikia, Hosein Ka'abi and Vahid Hashemian are retired from the sport after their gesture in a football match against South Korea in Seoul. //www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jun/23/iran-football-protest-ban ("The Guardian")

Zimbabwean Electoral Crisis:

"Grutter v. Bollinger": The Supreme Court of the United States upholds affirmative action in university admissions.

The U.S. Supreme Court issues opinions in "Grutter v. Bollinger" and "Gratz and Hamacher v. Bollinger", challenges to the affirmative action admissions policies at the University of Michigan. In "Grutter", the Court held that the University of Michigan Law School's admissions policy, which considered race as one of a number of soft admissions factors on a case-by-case basis, was constitutional. In "Gratz", the Court held that the undergraduate affirmative action admissions policy, which was based on a point system and was more rigid than the Law School's, was unconstitutional. //www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/06/23/scotus.affirmative.action/

An earthquake (7.9 on the Richter scale) hits the south of Peru.

The International Olympic Committee celebrates their first centennial.

Kim Cbell becomes the 19th, and first female, Prime Minister of Canada.

In Manassas, Virginia, Lorena Bobbitt cuts off the penis of her husband John Wayne Bobbitt.

A Unabomber bomb injures computer scientist David Gelernter at Yale University.

Jacques Attali resigns as President of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Andrew Wiles wins worldwide fame after presenting his proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, a problem that had been unsolved for more than 3 centuries.

The litas is introduced in Lithuania.

Zoran Lilić succeeds Dobrica Ćosić as President of Yugoslavia.

The Israeli legislative election is won by the Israeli Labor Party under the leadership of Yitzhak Rabin, ousting a Likud government.

June 28 ndash Iraq disarmament crisis: U.N. inspection teams attempt to intercept Iraqi vehicles carrying nuclear related equipment. Iraqi soldiers fire warning shots in the air to prevent inspectors from approaching the vehicles.

NASA scientist James Hansen testifies to the Senate that man-made global warming had begun.

Eric Thomas develops LISTSERV, the first email list management software.//www.nic.funet.fi/index/FUNET/history/internet/en/1986.html

Air India Flight 182, a Boeing 747, blows up 31,000 feet (9,500 m) above the Atlantic Ocean, south of Ireland, killing all 329 aboard.

September 6 ndash The 1980 United States heat wave claims 1,700 lives.

Sydney: New South Wales Premier Neville Wran officially opens the Eastern Suburbs Railway. It operates as a shuttle between Central Bondi Junction until full integration with the Illawarra Line in 1980.

The Gay Lesbian Solidarity March is held in Sydney, Australia to mark 10th Anniversary of the Stonewall Riots (which later becomes the annual Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras later incorporating a festival).

Panamá recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).

Yemen Arab Republic President Ahmad al-Ghashmi is killed.

A house fire in Kingston upon Hull, England, which kills a 6-year-old boy is passed off as an accident it later emerges as the first of 26 fire deaths caused over the next 7 years by arsonist Peter Dinsdale.

Watergate Scandal: U.S. President Richard M. Nixon and White House chief of staff H. R. Haldeman are taped talking about using the C.I.A. to obstruct the F.B.I.'s investigation into the Watergate break-ins.

Warren E. Burger is sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States by retiring Chief Justice Earl Warren.

A football stede in Buenos Aires leaves 74 dead and 150 injured.

Cold War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson meets with Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin in Glassboro, New Jersey, for the 3-day Glassboro Summit Conference. Johnson travels to Los Angeles for a dinner at the Century Plaza Hotel where earlier in the day thousands of war protesters clashed with L.A. police.

Antarctic Treaty comes into effect.

The Japanese prime minister, Nobusuke Kishi, announces his resignation.

Actress Marilyn Monroe marries playwrightArthur Miller.

The film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's "The King and I", starring Deborah Kerr and Yul Brynner, is released only a few months after the film version of RH's "Carousel". It becomes the most financially successful film version of a Rodgers and Hammerstein musical up to that time, and the only one to win an acting Oscar (Yul Brynner wins Best Actor for his performance as the King of Siam). It is also one of two Rodgers and Hammerstein films to be nominated for Best Picture (which it does not win).

PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower signs the Federal Aid Highway Act, creating the Interstate Highway System

Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes the 2nd president of Egypt.

Labour riots in Poznań, Poland, are crushed with heavy loss of life. Soviet troops fire at a crowd that protests high prices, killing 53.

MP Sydney Silverman's bill for the abolition of the death penalty in the UK passes the British House of Commons.

The United States Senate follows the House of Representatives in overriding President Harry S. Truman's veto of the Taft-Hartley Act.

1946 Vancouver Island earthquake.

WWII: Hungary and Slovakia declare war on the Soviet Union.

United States politics: The Republican Party begins its national convention in Philadelphia and nominates Wendell Willkie as its candidate for president.

WWII: German leader Adolf Hitler surveys newly defeated Paris in now occupied France.//history1900s.about.com/library/holocaust/blhitler38.htm

WWII: Vichy France signs armistice terms with Italy.

Talks are completed in Ankara between French Ambassador René Massigli and Turkish Foreign Minister Şükrü Saracoğlu, resolving the Hatay dispute in Turkey's favor. Turkey annexes Hatay.

Wiley Post and Harold Gatty take off from Roosevelt Field, Long Island in an attempt to accomplish the first round-the-world flight in a single-engine plane.//www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/Wiley_Post/EX27.htm Centennial of Flight

July ndash John Haven Emerson of Cambridge, Massachusetts perfects the Emerson iron lung just in time for the growing polio epidemic.

American airman Russell Maughan flies from New York to San Francisco in 21 hours and 48 minutes on a dawn-to-dusk flight in a Curtiss pursuit.

The Treaty of Versailles is signed, ending World War I.

International Labor Organization (ILO) established as an agency of the League of Nations.

Estonian War of Independence ndash Battle of Cēsis: The Estonian army wins in Northern Latvia against the pro-German "Baltische Landeswehr".

After it had been closed so that it could be deepened, the Kiel Canal is reopened by the Kaiser the British Fleet under Sir G. Warrender visits the Kaiser inspects the dreadnought .

Liberal leader Wilfred Laurier defeats Charles Tupper during Canadian federal elections for the 8th Canadian Parliament, and becomes the first francophone Prime Minister of Canada.

The International Olympic Committee is founded at the Sorbonne, Paris, at the initiative of Baron Pierre de Coubertin.

The Rocky Mountains Park Act becomes law in Canada, creating that nation's first national park, Banff National Park.//www.pc.gc.ca/apps/cseh-twih/archives2_E.asp?id=25 pc.gc.ca

Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury becomes British Prime Minister.

American Civil War: At Fort Towson in Oklahoma Territory, Confederate General Stand Watie, a Cherokee Indian, surrenders the last significant Rebel army.

Police of the Papal States seize Jewish boy Edgardo Mortara and take him away to be raised as a Catholic.

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour goads Austria into attacking Sardinia.

Fifty-Niners stream into the Rocky Mountains of the western United States during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush.

Portugal: King Miguel I overthrows his niece Queen Maria II, beginning the Liberal Wars.

John Jacob Astor forms the Pacific Fur Company.

June ndash Nicolas Appert publishes "L'art de conserver pendant plusieurs années toutes les substances animales ou végétales", the first description of modern food preservation using airtight containers.

July ndash Louis XVI of France accepts a constitutional monarchy.

The alleged "London Monster" is arrested in London: he later receives 40 years for 10 assaults.

July ndash An estimated 150,000 of Paris's 600,000 people are without work.

Louis XVI of France makes a conciliatory speech urging reforms to a joint session and orders the three estates to meet together.

Seven Years' War ndash Battle of Krefeld: Anglo-Hanoverian forces under Ferdinand of Brunswick defeat the French.

Battle of Plassey: 3,000 British troops under Robert Clive defeat a 50,000 strong Indian army under Siraj ud-Daulah at Plassey.

Treaty of Constantinople is signed, partitioning Persia between the Ottoman Empire and Russia.

French residents of Acadia given one year to declare allegiance to Britain or leave Nova Scotia.

Claimant King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland arrives in Scotland, the only of the three Kingdoms that has accepted him as ruler.

Copenhagen opens its gates to Count Christopher of Oldenburg leading the army of Lübeck (and the Hanseatic League), nominally in the interests of the deposed King Christian II of Denmark. The surrenders of Copenhagen and, a few days later, of Malmö represent the high point of the Count's War for the forces of the League. These victories presumably lead the Danish nobility to recognize Christian III as King on July 4.

Copenhagen opens its gates to Count Christopher of Oldenburg leading the army of Lübeck (and the Hanseatic League), nominally in the interests of the deposed King Christian II of Denmark. The surrenders of Copenhagen and, a few days later, of Malmö represent the high point of the Count\\'s War for the forces of the League. These victories presumably lead the Danish nobility to recognize Christian III as King on July 4.

Paracelsus burns books of Avicenna.

Christian I of Denmark and Norway, who was also serving as King of Sweden, is declared deposed from the latter throne. His deposed predecessor Charles VIII of Sweden is re-elected to the throne.

Christian I is elected king of Sweden, ending the war between Sweden and Denmark and restoring the Kalmar union.

Pope Benedict V is deposed and ecclesiastically degraded.

Al-Sufi's "Book of Fixed Stars" is published.

Vespasian dies of fever from diarrhea, his last words on his deathbed are: "I think I'm turning into a god." Titus succeeds his father as Roman emperor.